A Research On HIV Protease Inhibitors - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 917 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: AIDS (HIV) Essay Did you like this example? HIV Protease Inhibitors INTRODUCTION. Basically, HIV is a type of virus that attack the most importance part in the human body which is the immune system and eventually HIV virus will be converted to AIDS.   HIV LIFE CYCLE. We deal with HIV virus as a malicious type of viruses. The secret of their effect is how they hide their own DNA inside our bodys DNA, because this action will indirectly make our cells work as a large factory of producing more HIV cells and allowing more copies to be formed. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Research On HIV Protease Inhibitors" essay for you Create order The clearest steps of HIV life cycle are six main stages: Binding (the attachment that occur between HIV proteins and CD4+ on the T4 cells) . Reverse transcription (by enzyme called reverse transcription that work on making DNA copy of the RNA that present in HIV cells) . Integration (the dissimulation of DNA that are related to HIV into the DNA in the human normal cells by an enzyme called integrase). Transcription (Formation of newly genetic material known as mRNA). Translation (making new viral proteins). Maturation (creating new HIV cells). WHATE IS HIV PROTEASE ENZYME?! Its a special type of enzymes that consist of 2 symmetrical subunits. The cleavage between a poly-alanine and tyrosine or protein is the unique function of this enzyme. The main action of protease is the inducement of human immune system as well. They can degenerate of any kind of pathogens that possibly enter the body. Also the can produce a defense effect by activation Toll-like receptors. Such researches shows that proteases are the aim and the primary target in a broad spectrum therapeutic sittings. After several researches, scantiest discover that Anti-retroviral drugs can improve the condition on HIV patients. In a very simple way we can define this type of drugs by saying that they are mainly exert there effect by preventing the virus from breakthrough body cells and start producing more copies. PROTEASE ENZYME STRUCTURE\ pep-statin. Pep-statin is the major and general inhibitor for all protease, and starting from pep-statin we discovered the most of protease enzyme inhibitor drugs. So the structure of pep-statin: PROTEASE INHIBITOR DRUGS STRUCTURE. Drugs that are approved from FDA are over 11 and more, but we will mention only two drugs with their structure: Ritonavir\ Norvir Structure: Indinavir\ crixivan Structure: MECHANISM OF ACTION FOR PROTEASE INHIBITOR. There mechanism of action is complicated, but the very main point in their effect mechanism that all protease inhibitor apply is about the binding to protease via an extensive network of hydrogen bonds, resulting in the drug become attach to the active site and this will prevent HIV reproduction. Unfortunately; mutations in HIV proteases occur frequently in a very short period so it limit the use of protease inhibitors drugs. A brief change in few Amino Acids can prevent the binding of drug to protease leading to broad drug resistance. The more strong binding of protease into drugs can be achieved by direct hydrogen bond with the backbone atoms of the iso-aminoacids at position 50 of the protease chain. PHARMACOKINETICS. Pharmacokinetics is all about absorption, distribution, and elimination. The protease-inhibitor drugs are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and they are PH-dependence drugs in their nature. The most of protease inhibitor drugs whatever classes they are; have high bioavailability that exceed 65%. There protein binding property is approximately 60% (as in indinavir drug). The metabolism action is locally occur in hepatic via CYP3A4, and related to the elimination half-life rate is detected clinically =1.8 hours. ADVERSE EFFECT OF PROTEASE INHIBITOR. As these drugs are dealing with one of the most serious type of viruses, there side effects are generally as following: Kidney stones. Alopecia (heavy hair loss, known also as baldness). Ingrown nails. Increase bilirubin level Extreme fatigue Distinctive oral ulceration Abnormal increase in cholesterol levels CLINICAL USE OF PROTEASE INHIBITOR DRUGS. Protease enzyme inhibitors drugs are used mainly for HIV treatment. Also for treating specific types of cancer as their strong ability on killing tumors cells in cutler. And by combination of protease inhibitor drugs with anti-protozoal may treat Malaria or some gastric infection. METABOLISM OF TWO DRUGS. About ritonavir metabolism, as we mentioned before in explanation, its mainly metabolism done by the action of CYP450. And its importance thing to mention that ritonavir drug is contraindication when patients are dealing also with rifalutin and trimethoprim drugs as these drugs are highly present in a concentered amount in the plasma body that is happened because of badly inhibition of oxidative metabolism. When talking about the metabolism action of Indinavir drug so its a little bit different story because of the glucuronide conjugation that occur in a very wide manner. The metabolism of this type of drugs are detected accurately by urine and feces samples collected from patients when doctors found that over 21% percent of the drug is excreted in the urine ( the amount of drug that shows an effect on the patient). This drug doesnt last for a long time in the human body when its taken, the half-life of it is approximately around 1.8 H. We should also mention that this drug will make a drug-interaction with ketoconazole drug and eventually lead to increase in indinavir concentration in the blood plasma. REFRENCES. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12422251 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Mechanism-of-action-of-protease-inhibitors_fig2_266592083 https://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2189? §ionid=172486528 https://www.bocsci.com/pepstatin-a-cas-26305-03-3-item-84-88872.html?gclid=Cj0KCQiAw5_fBRCSARIsAGodhk_l4o__ElOzrbP5eR https://www.hiv.va.gov/patient/basics/what-is-HIV.asp https://www.cellsalive.com/hiv4.htm

Top Guide of Chinese Cinderella Essay Topics

Top Guide of Chinese Cinderella Essay Topics Things You Should Know About Chinese Cinderella Essay Topics Books with fairy tales suddenly became a significant part education. In general, the entire story ends with a joyful ending. There's a little humor here. A refreshing new spin on the traditional fairy tale. Chinese Cinderella Essay Topics This book isn't difficult to read and understand. It's impossible that you name the appropriate number. With FreeEssayHelp you'll find hundreds of Cinderella essay topics in a matter of many seconds. It is like a book report as it gives facts about the story or book. The following is a brief variant of the acorn analogy. To begin writing your assignment you would want to encounter an interesting and promising topic. The answers to every one of the questions are found in the sections under the quiz. Students who aren't fluent, lack the vocabulary necessary to compose good descriptive essays. Only you are able to satisfy yourself. Once you have the guide you'll become added bonus benefits that will help fuel your weight reduction mission. Cinderella solution weight-loss program is an on-line program easily available in the form of pdf. All you have to do is look at the foods that you eat each day and locate a much healthier substitute. To shed weight all you have to do is make sure that you burn more calories than you consume. The matter is, as we age, we can't eradicate weight the precise same way we did when we were young. Individuals are frightened of loss. Most Noticeable Chinese Cinderella Essay Topics Your little girl has to learn to model and walk on stage. If you can't locate the Cinderella costume you want, it is easy to locate some affordable ones to purchase online. You may also make your Cinderella Costume by viewing a number of the outfits that are worn. Simply take a look at a number of the very best Cinderella slippers readily available online. Chinese Cinderella Essay Topics: the Ultimate Convenience! This book would force you to think of your circumstances and truly feel emotional at, a minumum of one point in time. The connection becomes made at a level outside their awareness. Some go into a relationship to be able to make it an incredibly different experience from the one which they grew up in. A relationship provides the chance to appreciate and celebrate the differences which make you unique. Chinese Cinderella Essay Topics at a Glance Just have a cue from Cinderella and you'll understand how to avoid cellulite. There are some things to think about when picking out a Cinderella dress. Fully being an ideal princess usually means that you've got to get a stunning ball gown. What you need to learn more regarding the cinderella diet. Special clothing like prom dresses, graduation outfits and work clothes can be exceedingly important for folks who can't afford to obtain the items themselves. These days, his business is still famous for its conventional and professional styles in female's footwear. The day spent shopping and picking out her own princess dress is going to be one that she is going to cherish forever. The costumes may also be hired from an on-line store or a regional fancy dress hire shop. Characteristics of Chinese Cinderella Essay Topics People nowadays are striving for equality. They expect you to be obedient and respectful. When you fall in love, it's important to understand that being in love is the simple part. True love includes time. Here's What I Know About Chinese Cinderella Essay Topics You will either name a number that is higher than theirs, casting you in the function of the unreasonable individual, or a number that is lower, which means that you will be underpaid the whole tim e you're at that organization. Outside of simply being dependent, there's a degree of maturation that arrives from living by yourself and not being in a romantic relationship. As if being in a relationship is similar to a magic wand which has a magical effect on every area of their life. The point of a relationship might be as easy as to make an environment to raise children.

Philosophy and Politics Free Essays

Philosophy has enabled human life to study the general and everyday problems which concern many matters to include beauty, truth, mind, validity, language, existence, language and even truth. While Philosophy is a general term that is highly acceptable to address and answer questions by using systematic approaches and its credibility on the grounds of reasoned arguments, there is a tension that is apparent between Politics and Philosophy which Ancient Greek Origin means â€Å"love of wisdom†. Good governance needs laws that are mandated and initiated through Politics. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy and Politics or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ways a society is being governed highly affects the kind of living the citizens’ experience. Politics are made up of group of people that formulate decisions for the betterment of the populace. It has also been palpable in many group interactions such as the religious, academic and even in the corporate world. Despite the fact that both exist to fulfill the needs of man for order, it is evident that a man in one point of his life or another might choose whether to live under the influence of Politics or Philosophy. The issues had been explored in Plato’s masterpieces â€Å"Apology† and â€Å"The Republic†. But although, the strain is perceptible, the end result for the mixture of both may lead to a more wonderful life to all mankind. The researcher wishes to address any reconciliation that may occur between the rivalries of the two approaches in human regulation, if Philosophy and Politics can be practiced at the same time. Philosophy and Politics in Plato’s Works Justice is necessitated by human in all walks of life. An individual is honed by the cultural and social norms that craft his totality as a whole. Many factors attribute on how a person behaves or acts. The life in the world has sought to deal on existence necessitated of man as man to survive and subsist. You may choose to live a political life or you can pursue a life that is committed in finding contemplation and truth. Apology The Apology by Plato is his version of Socrates’ speech during the time Socrates defends himself in opposition to the charges. The accusations against Socrates brought up were; living his life that refuses to adulate and worship the gods, corrupts the mind of the young and makes new deities. The main theme of the entire speech proposes that Philosophy instigates when one admits that he is ignorant. Socrates dramatically states that the wisdom he has, originates from his mere knowledge that he doesn’t know anything (23b, 29b). Politics in this part conducts a lawful proceeding that is made out of informal charges that only stanched out of gossips and prejudices against Socrates: â€Å"Socrates is committing an injustice, in that he inquires into things below the earth and in the sky, and makes the weaker argument the stronger, and teaches others to follow his example (18b-c)†. Socrates refuted the accusations through voicing out that he should not in any way be mistaken as a sophist or a scholar that is highly paid and wise. He then expressed his philosophical inspiration that he is poor and does not know anything that is good and noble. Socrates believed that the accusations against him rooted with his compliance with the oracle he received in Delhi. He had the mission of solving the paradox which is â€Å"the ignorant man could be the wisest of all men† (23e). It is apparent that Politics has an indirect connection to Philosophy because both aim to provide a good human life course. In this part reconciliation is quite evident since Politics is ruled out by people or humans that present the way to righteousness and lawfulness based on human perception enacted by the law while Philosophy which Plato deals with dwells more with the spiritual and divine intervention as the correct path to rectitude and uprightness. Socrates perceived that his questioning to many people gained him the reputation as an annoying person. His life mission interpreted in the speech that true wisdom comes from the gods while wisdoms of man together with their achievements have diminutive or are not valuable at all. It was greatly stressed that Socrates accepts as legitimate that the power of his lawful superior, may it be divine or human should be followed. But when there is a discrepancy or conflict between the two: Politics or Philosophy, he deems that the divine authority should take precedence and primacy: â€Å"Gentlemen, I am your grateful and devoted servant, but I owe a greater obedience to God than to you; and as long as I draw breath and have my faculties I shall never stop practicing philosophy† (Plato, Dialogue Part 1). Socrates articulated that he will not stop his aspiration for his fellow Athenians to have greater awareness of moral truth and goodness. Though, people might impede his questioning or arguing and even if they withdraw all the charges against him, Socrates put across his plan of not bringing an end to his inquiries for the pursuance of truth. Socrates was charged as guilty by a very small margin (36a). He was sentenced to death through drinking Hemlock. Though, Socrates can resort to emotive tricks to appease the juries. He relied ultimately to the truth in the presentation of his case. Socrates prophesied that the younger and harsher critics will pursue what he started that can aggravate them even more (39d). The Republic by Plato The Republic by Plato is also a Socratic dialogue. The main topic of the dialogue centers at the issue of who is happier between the just and the unjust man that was pictured through creating a make-believe city that is ruled by philosopher-kings. For most part, the dialogue tackles justice in different ways. Like in one part of the first book where two types of justice are presented but both were deemed inappropriate. First, talks about returning debts that someone owed while the second one embarks upon helping out friends at the same time harming the enemies. These were common definitions of justice that Socrates reckons to be derisory in isolated cases and as a consequence lack stringency stipulated of a definition, though he does not wholly decline them because each, in some way or another conveys a universal sagacity of justice. Justice when implemented with Philosophy encompasses goodwill to all mankind. This was evident in the end of Book I where Socrates approved Polemarchus insight that justice embraces helping out friends but the just man would never do any harm to anybody even an enemy. Thrasymachus on the other hand provides his perception of justice as â€Å"what is good for the stronger† (Book I), which reflects those people in Politics who have power over the society. This also echoes Thrasymachus belief that rulers are the primary resource of justice in every city where in they enact laws that benefit themselves the most. Philosophy is widely tackled in The Republic to influence Politics on what it should build within the society to provide a just community. In this dialogue, it can be seen that Philosophy and Politics can be reconciled though Philosophy still takes supremacy over Politics. Correspondingly, Socrates describes justice as â€Å"working at that which he is naturally best suited,† along with â€Å"to do one’s own business and not to be a busybody† (433a-433b). He then continues by presenting how to sustain and perfect justice through three cardinal virtues to include Temperance, Wisdom, and Courage (433a-433b). Philosophy correlates with Politics through creating a society that divides people in to three distinct types which are the soldier, producer and ruler. Books II to IV mainly carry out that if a ruler can create just laws, and when the soldiers or warriors follow the orders of their rulers, and if authorities are obeyed by the producers, then it will formulate a society that is rightful and just, thus creating a happier life. Three arguments were presented by Plato why he sees that it is better to be just rather than for the individual to be unjust. The arguments were: An oppressor’s nature will allow him to incur â€Å"horrid pains and pangs† and that the conventional tyrant has a lifestyle that is mentally and physically challenging on a ruler which is the total opposite of a philosopher king that is truth loving (Book IX). Another argument in Book IX that Plato puts forward is that the Philosopher is the only type of ruler that can best run a society since he is acquainted to the Form of the Good. The last one that Plato contends is that â€Å"Pleasures which are approved by the lover of wisdom and reason are the truest† (Book IX). The Republic’s main ideology is to form the government and politics that is governed by philosopher-kings. In this, it is highly susceptible that Philosophy and politics could in some way or another worked hand in hand. Socrates believes that the four types of ruling such as timocracy, democracy, oligarchy and tyranny can lead to corruption of power. The Republic by Plato also contains his Allegory of the Cave where he elucidates how a former prisoner from a cave came to realize that the sun which illuminates the surrounding and which initially blinded him is the Form of the Good that causes the brightness. He also came to realize that it is the sun that made him see and appreciate the beauty and goodness in the things that surround him. Plato considers the caveman as the philosopher, who knows the Form of Good and therefore should educate others to spread the same light he achieved. The dialogue narrates conversations and arguments concerning an Ideal State by manipulating politics through Philosophical ideas and how other forms of governance could not properly and adequately sustain its ruling. Conclusion Though Plato’s â€Å"Apology† and â€Å"The Republic† mainly discuss how Philosophy or love of wisdom should be adhered over and above anything else, it also manifested that Philosophy and politics can reconcile to the betterment of the society. The â€Å"Apology† chiefly venerates Philosophy over politics but in some parts evidently address that people involved in Politics should be respected and followed, hence, when a clash between the two takes place Philosophy should win against the other. Plato’s â€Å"The Republic† on the other hand, points out a Political institution that is to be ruled by a Philosopher towards a just society. How to cite Philosophy and Politics, Papers