12 Reaction Essay Topics on Social Stratification

12 Reaction Essay Topics on Social Stratification If you are writing a reaction paper on the topic of social stratification, consider the facts listed below: Social stratification refers to the categorization of people based upon occupation, income, wealth, social status, and power derived from social and political means. Stratification is the relative social position of people within different categories, different social units, or different geographic regions. In modern society the use of social stratification has distinguished people into one of three classes. The first is the upper-class, followed by the middle class, followed by the lower class. All three of these classes are subdivided further into the upper part of the upper class, the lower part of the upper class, the upper part of the middle class, the lower part of the middle class, the upper part of the lower class, and the lower part of the lower class. In addition to this Western society divides people socially on the basis of kinship. The categorization of people based on social standing ranges from complex categories state-based societies all the way to tribal societies based upon classes of nobility and peasants.   Historically hunter-gatherer societies were not socially stratified but rather, stratification started with agriculture when social exchange became commonplace. The structures which create social stratification come from inequalities between individuals and the degree of social inequality is what determines the stratum.   The greater social complexity there is for a particular society, the more social strata exists. Social stratification has been used within social science to describe the relative position of an individual or a group of people within a social group, within a specific category, within a geographical region, or within a social unit. The word derives from Latin and refers to the categorization of people based on socioeconomic tiers.   The divide between different people is based upon aspects such as income, occupation, power, social status, and wealth. The concept of social stratification has been interpreted differently within the social sciences. Within the field of Sociology those who support Action Theory suggest that social stratification can be found in all developed societies but those who support dominance hierarchy state that it is necessary in a developed Society in order to maintain stability and order. Conflict theories like that of Marxism focus on the inaccessibility of resources and therefore the complete lack of social Mobility which can be found in any society divided on strata. Sociological theorists have criticized modern strata, particularly the socio-economic divide, between the wealthy and lower classes, with a great deal of emphasis placed on the diminishing middle class and the ability of the wealthy to hold political power used to exploiting the laboring classes. Some sociologists maintain that social order and stability in Western societies is regulated by Universal values. These values are not necessarily identical with a consensus but they are the foundation which serves to ignite social conflict throughout history. In fact, societies with larger middle classes have more educated workforces and have more technology-based economies. Some proponents of Dependency Theory state that globalization has influenced the status of third-world individuals. There are four key principles which underlie social stratification. The first principle is that social stratification is defined as the property of a society and not individuals in a society. The second is that such stratification can be reproduced from one generation to the next. The third underlying principle is that social stratification can be found in each society but it differs based on time and place to some degree.   The fourth underlying principle is that social stratification does not simply cover quantitative inequality with regard to wealth but also quantitative beliefs and different attitudes about social status. Social stratification is not found only in complex societies even though all complex societies do have some proponents and features of stratification. In more complex societies the total amount of valued goods is not distributed equally. Instead, those families to our privilege will enjoy a higher amount of valued resources, power, and income. In some cases the term stratification system refers to the social relationships observed in such inequalities. The key components to a stratification system include a social process which defines those goods which have value and desire, create the rules for allocating those goods two different positions among the division of labor, and social mobility exist as a link between individuals and different positions they assume. Social Mobility refers to the movement of social groups, people, or individuals between different strata. This movement can take place within one generation or it can take place between two or more generations. Social mobility is intended to classify various systems of social stratification. Systems which are allow for more mobility between the different strata with value placed upon the achieved status of each individual. Societies which have mobility within a single generation are considered to be the most open of social systems with the highest level of flexibility. Systems which have limited or no mobility even across two or more generations are considered closed stratification systems. In India, for example, the caste system places individuals within a particular social strata from birth and do not allow mobility across multiple generations. There are different theories of stratification historically speaking. Karl Marx founded Marxist theory which divides the economy into two main sections and follows the relationship between the employer and the employee. This theory focuses on how social class is determined by the relationship an individual has to production. Another theory of stratification was created by Max Weber. Max Weber was influenced by the ideas of Karl Marx but rejected communism as it related to social stratification. He is well-known for his three component theory of stratification which divides people into four main social classes including the upper class, white collar workers, the petite bourgeoisie, and the working class.   This particular theory is the one which most closely resembles modern Western class structure. We hope you enjoyed these facts on social stratification for a reaction paper. Take a look at our 10 selected sub-topics on the subject as well as instructive guide that will provide a high value to you. References: Behtoui, Alireza. Social Capital And Stratification Of Young People.  SI  1.1 (2013): 46. Web. Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth. Welfare States And Social Inequality: Key Issues In Contemporary Cross-National Research On Social Stratification And Mobility.  Research in Social Stratification and Mobility  24.4 (2006): 333-351. Web. Bottero, Wendy.  Stratification. London: Routledge, 2005. Print. Chan, Kwok B et al.  Social Stratification In Chinese Societies. Leiden: Brill, 2009. Print. Esping-Andersen, Gà ¸sta. UNTYING THE GORDIAN KNOT OF SOCIAL INHERITANCE. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility  21 (2004): 115-138. Web. Littlejohn, James.  Social Stratification. London: Allen and Unwin, 1972. Print. Owen, Carol.  Social Stratification. London: Routledge K. Paul, 1968. Print. Schubert, Frank and Rolf Becker. Social Inequality Of Reading Literacy.  Research in Social Stratification and Mobility  28.1 (2010): 109-133. Web. Woelfel, Joseph and Monica Murero. SPACES AND NETWORKS: CONCEPTS FOR SOCIAL STRATIFICATION.  Research in Social Stratification and Mobility  22 (2004): 57-71. Web.

Analysis of Case Study for Skills and Knowledge - myassignmenthelp

The enablers of innovation mainly help in bringing the continuous stream of the innovation related strategies of the organizations. The innovation enablers help in the application of the skills, knowledge and the specific tools in the organizations. The five different types of enablers are discussed below, Introduction and change and the implementation of innovative ideas are sometimes difficult for the organizations. The driving forces of innovation can be described as the factors which help in the implementation of change in the organizations. The first driver of innovation in organizations is commoditization. This force relates to the pressure of driving the prices and the margins lower. The digital revolution in the external environment deals acts as a driving force for the changes to be implemented in the organizational processes. The advent of social media in the business world acts as a driver of innovation and helps in the creation of communities, sharing information and connecting the people instantly. Globalization is another major driver of the innovation in organizations. The levels of competition have increased due to the increase in the scope of business of the organizations. The high levels of competition further enable innovation and change implementation in the various organizations. The increasing turbulence in the business environment due to the changes in the economy and shift in the demographics acts as a driver of the innovation in the organization (Gupta and Barua 2016). The companies need to move in a faster pace to compete with the others in the market and improve their operations accordingly. The culture of the organization where change is to be implemented is also a driver of innovation. The enablers of innovation on the other hand are mainly related to the behaviour and the attitudes of the employees. The structure of the organization is a major enabler of innovation. The structure is mainly related to the hierarchy of the organization and the ways by which the instructions and directions related to change reach the employees. The skills of the employees of the organization play a major role in the implementation of change and innovative ideas (Rizos et al. 2016). The difference between the drivers and the enablers of innovation is that the drivers of innovation are mainly related to the factors of the organization and the external environment where it operates. On the other hand, the enablers of innovation are mainly related to the employees and the internal environment of the organization. The enablers mainly deal with the skills and the attitudes of the employees who are a major part of the entire change process (Hussein et al. 2016). The process of innovation in an organization is supported by various mechanisms which are discussed as follows, The organization which has been examined in the case study, namely, ACME, believed in the creation of innovative methods to perform business operations. The organization has a modern infrastructure and the research and development facility which is present in the company helps the employees in the process of thinking. The innovative ideas and nature of the employees are nurtured and encouraged by the management of the organization. The organization has been developing the research and development related facilities since the time of its establishment. The surplus revenues that are gained in the operations of the organization are invested in further developing the research and development related facilities. The owner of the organization also spends most of the time with the employees who are a part of the R & D team. This helps in fostering their talent and innovative ideas further and work in a collaborative manner (Bhanot, Rao and Deshmukh 2017).   Bhanot, N., Rao, P.V. and Deshmukh, S.G., 2017. An integrated approach for analysing the enablers and barriers of sustainable manufacturing.  Journal of cleaner production,  142, pp.4412-4439. Dubey, R., Sonwaney, V., Aital, P., Venkatesh, V.G. and Ali, S.S., 2015. Antecedents of innovation and contextual relationship.  International Journal of Business Innovation and Research,  9(1), pp.1-14. Gupta, H. and Barua, M.K., 2016. Identifying enablers of technological innovation for Indian MSMEs using best–worst multi criteria decision making method.  Technological Forecasting and Social Change,  107, pp.69-79. Hussein, A.T.T., Singh, S.K., Farouk, S. and Sohal, A.S., 2016. Knowledge sharing enablers, processes and firm innovation capability.  Journal of Workplace Learning,  28(8), pp.484-495. Kaushik, A., Kumar, S., Luthra, S. and Haleem, A., 2014. Technology transfer: enablers and barriers–a review.  International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management,  14(2), pp.133-159. Mageswari, S.U., Sivasubramanian, C. and Dath, T.S., 2015. Knowledge management enablers, processes and innovation in small manufacturing firms: a structural equation modeling approach.  IUP Journal of Knowledge Management,  13(1), p.33. Rizos, V., Behrens, A., Van Der Gaast, W., Hofman, E., Ioannou, A., Kafyeke, T., Flamos, A., Rinaldi, R., Papadelis, S., Hirschnitz-Garbers, M. and Topi, C., 2016. Implementation of circular economy business models by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): Barriers and enablers.  Sustainability,  8(11), p.1212. Tran, V. and Voyer, B., 2015. Fostering innovation: An organisational perspective.  British Journal of Healthcare Management,  21(3), pp.141-145.

Principles of management questions answer Essay

Principles of management questions answer - Essay Example It is conducted by government agencies, the civil service and nonprofit agencies in well-established organizations. Job classification determines the level of compensation for a specific job category. Job classification ensures consistency in the evaluation process and a uniform classification criterion. The process is done by analyzing accountability, problem solving and know- how. Job classification is determined by three attributed including the pay rate, job family and job title (Khan 115). Job classification is an important aspect in hiring and recruitment as it leads to reorganization, identification of new positions and creation of new positions in an entity. Recruitment. Recruitment refers process undertaken by companies to get the best candidate for a job within the organization or outside the organization. This process entails evaluating the requirements for the job, screening the applicants, attracting employees to the job and incorporating new employees in the organizatio n (Khan 115). This process can be done internally or externally depending on the job classification and the nature of candidates the firm aims to attract. The process starts by the company trying to reach a high number of applicants through social media advertising, college and campus recruitment, newspaper advertisements and job postings on the company’s websites (Khan 117). After the potential candidates have been shortlisted, they screened to establish if they are qualified for the position. They are called upon to be interviewed and undertaken through other assessment methods. Their prospective employers check their background and their references. During the recruitment employees are interviewed are required to state their preferred amount for compensation. Selection. Employee selection is the process of given the job to the right candidate. Further, it entails matching the organizational needs with the qualifications and skills for the job. Efficient selection is done w here there is efficient job matching (Khan 111). This enables the company to hire employees that will deliver quality performance in the firm. The company also faces fewer cases of employee turnover and absenteeism. Appropriate screening takes place during the selection process. Selection is different from recruitment since it is more comprehensive and involves choosing the best candidate for the job. The process takes place in the following steps: Preliminary interview that eliminates candidates who do not meet the minimum eligibility. Application of blanks involves collection of data on qualifications, age and job experience. Several written tests including aptitude, intelligence and personality tests are done (Khan 118). Employment interviews are later conducted that involve as face-to-face communication between the interviewers and the candidates. Finally, the medical examination is done to ensure that the potential candidate is healthy. There is a relation between employee sele ction and evaluation. Compensation. Employee compensation includes all the financial and non- financial benefits given to employees for the work that they do. The financial benefits include salary and wages while the non- financial benefits includes social insurance and others forms of employee benefits (Khan 119). Compensation is based on the skills, experience and